Ballistic missiles are rocket-powered weapons that follow a high, arcing trajectory to deliver a payload—often nuclear, chemical, or conventional warheads—to a target. After an initial powered flight phase, they coast through the atmosphere or space, following a predictable, parabolic path determined by gravity and momentum, much like a thrown object. They differ from cruise missiles, which are powered throughout their flight and fly closer to the ground.
Key features:
- Range: Varies from short-range (under 1,000 km) to intercontinental (ICBMs, over 5,500 km).
- Speed: Can reach hypersonic speeds, often Mach 5 or higher for ICBMs.
- Guidance: Early models used inertial guidance; modern ones may use GPS, star tracking, or terminal-phase active radar for precision.
- Payload: Can carry single or multiple warheads (MIRVs—multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles).
- Launch Platforms: Fired from silos, mobile launchers, submarines, or aircraft.
They’re designed for strategic or tactical strikes, with ICBMs primarily used by major powers like the U.S., Russia, and China for long-range deterrence. Their high speed and altitude make interception challenging, though modern missile defense systems aim to counter them during boost, midcourse, or terminal phases.